trade deficit or surplus การใช้

As a result, currencies become over-valued or under-valued, leading to excessive trade deficits or surpluses.
Fluctuations in exchange rates are usually caused by actual monetary flows as well as by expectations of changes in monetary flows caused by changes in gross domestic product ( GDP ) growth, inflation ( purchasing power parity theory ), interest rates ( interest rate parity, Domestic Fisher effect, International Fisher effect ), budget and trade deficits or surpluses, large cross-border M & A deals and other macroeconomic conditions.